Thus, confirming a diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis is difficult, and if it is strongly suspected, even if not confirmed, it is treated presumptively. Most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards. Meningococcal meningitis generally has a better prognosis than septicaemia.
For acute bacterial meningitis, prompt treatment using intravenous antibiotics and cortisone medications can help ensure recovery and prevent complications like seizures and swelling of the brain. In one study, bacteremia and meningitis developed in 89 and 94%ofanimals, respectively, following the atraumatic intranasal inoculation ofh. There has been a decrease in viral meningitis in locations where immunizations have become routine. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis hoffman olaf and weber joerg r. Cns infection meningitis myocardial infarction scribd. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, in particular the arachnoid and the pia mater, associated with the invasion of bacteria into the subarachnoid space, principles known for more than 100 years flexner, 1907. Pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Pathophysiology of meningitis free download as word doc. Infection of the subarachnoid space leads to cerebrospinal fluid csf inflammation, meningeal irritation, and the clinical triad of headache, fever, and meningismus. Start studying unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Encephalitis pathophysiology free download as word doc. Meningitis is an infection of the tissue called the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
If no organism can be isolated with routine culture and sensitivity assays of cerebrospinal fluid csf, the condition is called aseptic meningitis, and the etiology is likely viral e. Distinguishing between viral and bacterial meningitis is done using blood and csf cultures, as well as lumbar puncture opening pressure which. The treatment for meningitis depends on the particular type or cause. Most children with viral meningitis recover completely. Acute bacterial meningitis is rapidly progressive bacterial infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoans, but bacteria produce the most lifethreatening forms. Tubercles rupture in subarachnoid area causes meningitis. Those at greatest risk for this disease are infants between 6 and 12. The community has truly come to feel like a family, somewhere i can be open, honest and myself. For me it has taken the battle out of my head and instead to somewhere i can get advice or simply tell about my daily struggles and triumphs.
In patients with suspected herpes simplex virus hsv infection, empiric antiviral therapy is started to prevent complications of hsv encephalitis. In general, meningitis caused by a virus is less serious than meningitis caused by bacteria. Department of neurology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin, germany, department of cell biology and neurobiology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin germany, department of neurology, lkh, klagenfurt, austria presented by. Pathophysiology acute bacterial meningitis free download as word doc. Whitley7 1drexel university college of medicine, philadelphia, pennsylvania. Pathophysiology of acute meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae and adjunctive therapy approaches fisiopatologia da meningite ocasionada pelo streptococcus pneumoniae e novas possibilidades terapeuticas adjuvantes tatiana barichello 1, jaqueline s. Encephalitis is different from meningitis, but these two brain infections often occur together. Meningococci reach the brain from the bloodstream, implying that the patients immune response has prevented bacterial proliferation in the blood and not suffered overwhelming sepsis. Much of our understanding of the pathophysiology of meningitis has been obtained using animal models of s. Bacterial meningitis is the most common serious infection of the central nervous system.
Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the thin lining around the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral white blood cell count alone is not help. Meningitis is an inflammation of the tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord that can be caused by several different types of, as well as viruses and fungibacteria. Pathophysiology acute bacterial meningitis inflammation. Fever, severe and constant headache, stiff neck or neck pain, nausea and vomiting, and rash can all be signs of meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae is the most common organism in unvaccinated children and adults who contract meningitis. Objectives identify the most common organisms for both viral and bacterial meningitis understand the difference between viral and bacterial meningitis know the composition of normal and abnormal csf objectives list the risk factors for cns infections describe the clinical presentation and laboratory results. Findings typically include headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Pathophysiology of hypertension hypertension kidney. Pathophysiology bacterial meningitis 2 free download as word doc.
Haemophilus influenzae type b hib vaccine is recommended as part of the national immunisation program and is available free for all children at 6 weeks, 4 months, 6 months and 12 months of age and is administered in a combination vaccine. Emerging antibiotic resistance is an upcoming challenge. Infant primates have also been used in the study ofthe pathogenesis ofbacterial meningitis. Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Acute bacterial meningitis neurologic disorders merck. Pathophysiology of acute meningitis caused by streptococcus. Dec 07, 2017 tuberculous meningitis tbm develops in 2 steps. Pathophysiology and treatment of meningoencephalitis a. Infection of leptomeninges arachnoid and pia maters and subarachnoid space may be bacterial purulent or viral aseptic may be due to infection somewhere else in the body that has spread into the blood and csf. The pathophysiology of tuberculous meningitis has bacilli root itself to the brain parenchyma, which causes the formation of small subpial focus.
Various bacteria including the major meningeal pathogens e. Acute bacterial meningitis merck manuals professional edition. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis. Despite this range, patients with essential hypertension have normal potassium levels.
Apr 19, 2014 the community has truly come to feel like a family, somewhere i can be open, honest and myself. Some of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis include neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus. Chronic meningitis chronic meningitis is a constellation of signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation associated with csf pleocytosis that persists for longer than 4 weeks. Department of neurology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin, germany, department of cell biology and neurobiology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin germany, department of neurology, lkh, klagenfurt, austria. Bacterial meningitis meningitis hypoxia medical scribd. Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord as a result of either bacteria, viral or fungal infection. Meningitis is inflammation of the arachnoid and pia mater of the brain and spinal cord.
Overview of meningitis merck manuals professional edition. Meningitis completed free download as powerpoint presentation. Bacterial meningitis remains a disease with associated unacceptable morbidity and mortality rates despite the availability of effective bactericidal antimicrobial therapy. The clinical picture of meningitis largely arises from the host response to the inciting organism in the csf.
In vitro infection of human nasopharyngeal cells in organ culture with meningococci or h. Practice guidelines for bacterial meningitis cid 2004. Pathophysiology and treatment of meningoencephalitis a journal reading 1. Localized infection escalates within the lungs, with dissemination to the regional lymph nodes. Casp1 plays a central role in the generation of mature il1. Michael scheld,12 uwe koedel,4 barnett nathan,3 and hanswalter pfister4 division of infectious diseases, departments oflinternal medicine, 2neurosurgery, and neurology, university of virginia school of medicine, charlottesville. Bacterial infections may be caused by haemophilus influenzae type b, neisseria meningitidis meningococcal meningitis, and streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal meningitis. In the case of bacterial meningitis, this inflammation is.
Some forms of bacterial meningitis can be prevented by vaccination. Fifty years after the advent of antibiotics for clinical use, bacterial meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The doctor will choose a combination of antibiotics. Pathophysiology the brain is naturally protected from the bodys immune system by a barrier the meninges create between the bloodstream and the brain. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and immediate treatment. Ruling out meningitisencephalitis is a big headache it is okay to go out of order for diagnostics and treatment of suspected bacterial meningitis steroids before or with antibiotics pretend to know indications for when to ct a patient asepticfungal meningitis in special populations empirically treat encephalitis with acyclovir. In secondary or postinfectious encephalitis, the virus invades another part of your body and travels to your brain. Less common etiologies for aseptic meningitis include tuberculous meningitis mycobacterium tuberculosis, lyme disease borrelia spp. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Jul 16, 2019 infections of the central nervous system cns can be divided into 2 broad categories.
The role of caspase casp1 in the pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis has been the subject of recent experiments. Streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis are the most common and most aggressive pathogens of meningitis. It seems that the subcapsular components the cell wall and lipopolysaccharide of bacteria are more important in determining inflammation than the surface components pili and polysaccharide capsule. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards quizlet. While some forms of meningitis are mild and resolve without treatment, meningitis can be potentially lifethreatening. Pdf no bacterial disease has undergone a more dramatic change in epidemiology during the past decade than acute bacterial meningitis. It is not known why one person gets meningitis when others exposed to the same germs do not get as sick, or dont get sick at all. As such, it represents a unique human infectious disease, b. Bacterial exotoxins, cytokines, and icp stimulate nociceptors in the meninges cerebral tissue itself lacks nerve endings that generate pain sensation. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis sciencedirect. The clinical features, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of bacterial meningitis in adults and children and issues related to chronic and recurrent meningitis are discussed separately.
Through the use of experimental animal models of infection, a great deal of information. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli enter the host by droplet inhalation. Note that the distribution of aldo levels in essential hypertension, i. Depending on the cause, isolation precautions may be indicated early in treatment. Apr 10, 2019 meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord as a result of either bacteria, viral or fungal infection.
Sometimes funguses, cancers, head injuries or other factors can cause meningitis, but cases from these sources are rare. Anatomically, meningitis can be divided into inflammation of the dura sometimes referred to as pachymeningitis, which is less common, and leptomeningitis, which is more common and is defined as inflammation of the arachnoid tissue and subarachnoid space. Some children with meningitis may have longterm problems, but this depends on the cause of the infection and the age of the child. Autolysis consists of selfdigestion of the cell wall by peptidoglycan hydrolyases termed autolysins.
Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of. Meningitis, in general, is the inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as. In general, meningitis due to bacteria bacterial meningitis is more severe than meningitis caused by viruses viral meningitis. Etiology of meningitis list of high impact articles. Then there is an increase in size of rich focus until rupture. Meningitis is caused by bacterial and viral organisms, although fungal and protozoal meningitis also occurs. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site.
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